DDR Step 4: Determining When the Connection Is Terminated.DDR Step 2: Determining the Subset of the Packets That Trigger the Dialing Process.DDR Step 1: Routing Packets Out the Interface to Be Dialed.ISDN PRI Function Groups and Reference Points.ISDN BRI Function Groups and Reference Points.Data-Link Protocols for Point-to-Point Leased Lines.Physical Components of Point-to-Point Leased Lines.Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP).Overloading NAT with Port Address Translation (PAT).Scaling the IP Address Space for the Internet.Classless and Classful Routing Protocols.Classless Routing Protocols and Classless Routing.Route Summarization and Variable-Length Subnet Masks.Balanced Hybrid Routing Protocol and EIGRP Concepts.Summary: Comparing Link-State and OSPF to Distance Vector Protocols.Scaling OSPF Through Hierarchical Design.Link-State Routing Protocol and OSPF Concepts.Issues When Multiple Routes to the Same Subnet Exist.Examination of RIP and IGRP debug and show Commands.Distance Vector Loop-Avoidance Features.Which Subnet Masks Meet the Stated Design Requirements?.Finding the Answers Without Using Binary.Finding the Range of Valid IP Addresses in a Subnet.What Is the Subnet Number, and What Are the IP Addresses in the Subnet?.Converting IP Addresses from Decimal to Binary and Back Again.Math Operations Used to Answer Subnetting Questions.Analyzing and Interpreting IP Addresses and Subnets.Changing STP Port Costs and Bridge Priority.Electing the Root and Discovering Root Ports and Designated Ports.Forwarding Unknown Unicasts and Broadcasts.How to Use These Books to Prepare for the CCNA Exam.Cross-Reference Between Exam Topics and Book Parts.Cisco’s Motivation: Certifying Partners.

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